Historiography is often treated as a university-only exercise, but it belongs in the high school classroom. When taught intentionally, it helps students see history as an interpretive discipline, strengthens historical thinking and argumentation, and invites students to engage historians as participants in an ongoing conversation rather than distant authorities.
Teaching Historical Thinking Skills
Games and Simulations in Social Studies
Games and simulations give students something traditional instruction can’t: the chance to step inside a system and make meaningful decisions with real consequences. When used intentionally, whether to model abstract concepts like legitimacy or to explore content-rich scenarios like diplomacy, state-building, or economic behavior, games transform learning from something students receive to something they actively experience, question, and apply.
National History Day Resources
This post highlights ongoing efforts to expand and improve National History Day (NHD) resources in China. From teacher workshops on historical thinking to new classroom tools and an upcoming resource booklet, it reflects a commitment to helping educators and students engage deeply with inquiry, research, and the process of doing history.
Enhancing Historical Thinking: The Role of Agency
Teaching historical agency means helping students see history as a series of choices, not inevitabilities. Through primary sources on figures like Richelieu and Louis XIV, students explore how power, structure, and context shape what individuals and groups can—and cannot—do, revealing the complexity behind seemingly inevitable historical outcomes.
Negotiating History: A Classroom Simulation of the Treaty of Westphalia
Simulations bring history alive, even if students don’t always land on the “right” outcome. My Treaty of Westphalia simulation in AP European History pushed students to negotiate, compromise, and reflect, skills as valuable as the history itself.
Teaching Responsible Use of AI Tools in the Social Sciences
From fabricated speeches in ancient history to AI-generated fake sources today, the challenges of exaggeration, bias, and distortion aren’t new. Teaching students how to spot and overcome these pitfalls builds stronger thinkers than banning AI ever could.
Bridging Math and History: Eratosthenes and the Flat-Earth Myth
Blending math and history, I used flat earth debates to show students how interpretation, sources, and myth-making shape what we think we know.
Designing Competency-Based Rubrics Aligned to the C3 Framework
Back in December, I shared some thoughts on the differences between standards-based and competency-based teaching and assessment. Since then, I’ve drafted competency-based rubrics for each dimension of the C3 Framework. In this post, I’ll share those rubrics and explain the thinking behind how I constructed them.
Searching for Depth in AP World
This reflection explores strategies for deepening historical thinking in AP World History despite limited seat time. It highlights resources like Deadly Companions, Istanbul, and Gallagher’s “Imperialism of Free Trade,” while advocating for historiography, Harkness discussions, and thematic integration to enhance student engagement, critical thinking, and skill development across the course.
Teaching Continuity and Change: Engaging Classroom Strategies
Continuity and Change over Time tends to be more difficult for students to grasp than causation or comparison. It's also harder to practice because it requires a broader range of content knowledge. Students need to be able to get a sense of the "big picture" to engage in meaningful analysis that goes beyond assessing a single turning point.